Hunan Xiao Dehua Jiang Kui, the character Yaozhang, the number Baishi Dao, known as Jiang Baishi, the people of Poyang (now in Poyang County of Jiangxi Province), the Southern Song Dynasty writers, poetry, prose, calligraphy, music are proficient, especially famous for Ci。 His life is not official, wandering rivers and lakes, to the text parasitic。In the thirteenth year of Chunxi (1186), Jiang Kui was about 32 years old when he met Xiao Dezao, an old Fujian poet (known as Qianyan Old Man) in Changsha.。Xiao Shen appreciated Jiang Baishi's talent and betrothed his niece to him (according to Chen Shuliang's Commentary on Jiang Baishi's Ci)。Xiao Dezao was the counsellors of Jinghu-Hu Road, and the official office was located in Wuling County, Langzhou. Jiang Baishi, as Xiao's nephew's son-in-law, once lived in Xiao's house in Wuling and had to visit Taoyuan Mountain (according to Xia Chengtao's "Jiang Baishi Ci Chronicles").。 Jiang Baishi visited Taoyuan Mountain in the 14th year of Chunxi (1187) when he was staying in Wuling, while he wrote Taoyuan Mountain in the third year of Kaixi (1207) twenty years later (according to Ying Guobin's Taoyuan Jiazhi ---- The Second Study of Ancient Culture in Yuan Li Valley)。In his poem, he recalled the scene of visiting Taoyuan Mountain 20 years ago, and vividly described the scenery of Taoyuan Mountain, leaving precious historical materials for later generations to understand the scenery and legend of Taoyuan Mountain in the Southern Song Dynasty。 Once the Taoyuan mountain, the first white horse crossing。He Qingdeep crossing, a swan in a tall tree。The white horse is also the sky, once upon a time people have adventures。The cave door is not visible, but the sound of the water is angry。Look that feather people house, is to cross the boat。Repair gallery sandwiched five temples, repeated pavilions reflecting thousands of trees。Scale like Wei Zhuang, round green shade。Mountain pepper looking at five streams, pot head refers to。The Forbidden City is in the north, the roof tiles with pine fog。Gushan Jin things, hollow savage live。40 feet outside, 10 guests inside。I visited Quxian Pavilion, altar on the table left steps。But under the eight stack ban, a pavilion of wonderful tools。The two mountains embrace the lake, the old wood branches each other。Look forward to show and change, sitting for a long time。Taoyuan is nowhere to be seen, secluded in Gongnan Road。The mountains turned deep, the apes up and down。The stone sinus trickles, making me hesitate。Once heard fishing boat son, the water to see the hole household。Today see the stream far, from the posterity mistake。Melancholy but return, this tour is not repeated。In the past 20 years, I have experienced the scriptures。What historical information has Jiang Baishi's poem left for us？
First, let us know the landscape condition of Taoyuan Mountain in the Southern Song Dynasty。 Taoyuan Mountain is the earliest scenic spot in Taohua Yuan, opposite to Taohua Mountain in the north and south。Existing Injin Pavilion, Shuifu Pavilion, climbing Mountain path, Huangwen Mountain Village, Tianning Monument, Taochuan Palace, hollow fir, Alchemy and other landscapes。So, in the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiang Baishi visited Taoyuan Mountain to see what landscape？ "Building corridors with five temples, reconstructing pavilions with thousands of trees。Scale like Wei Zhuang, round green shade。"The Forbidden City is in the north, and the roof tiles are covered with mist。This is the "Momochuan Longevity Palace" in Jiang Baishi's eyes.。Jiajing "Changde Fu" cloud: "Taochuan Palace, 28 miles southwest of the county, Jin Jian。According to historical records, Taochuan Palace, built at the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, formerly known as Taoyuan Temple, is the earliest Taoist temple building in Taohuayuan Scenic area。There are five temples in the palace dedicated to the "three Qing four imperial" and other Taoist gods, as well as the goddess of the son and the God of wealth。The Tang Dynasty grew in size。Daoist Maoshan School master Huang Dongyuan came here to cultivate the truth, and his disciple Qu Baiting became immortal, which made the reputation of Taoyuan Guan far and wide。In the first year of Chunhua in the Northern Song Dynasty (990), Langzhou officials were ordered to repair five hundred immortal Pavilion, named Wangxian Pavilion。In the first year of government and (1111), the king life Wannian Hall, Fuxing Jing floor, longevity bell pavilion, Zhailiao, veranda, abbot, etc., are divided into upper, middle and lower three palaces according to the mountain potential, where 1330 columns。次年，宋徽宗赐“桃川万寿宫”匾额，自此桃川宫进入鼎盛时期，成为中国古代四大道教胜地之一，有“华夏第二宫”之称。At the time of Jiang Baishi's visit, only seventy-five years after the emperor gave the "Momochuan Longevity Palace", the scale of the Momochuan Palace should be seen at that time。Repair gallery, five halls, heavy pavilion, like Wei (generally refers to the ancient palace gate outside the left and right watchtower, here refers to the Taochuan Palace gate) and other buildings overlap, hidden in the thousands of trees, the house tiles stand rocky, hidden in the clouds and fog, the so-called "forty-eight story convent, walking horses view the mountain gate", which shows the imposing force at that time。 "Ancient fir jin things, hollow savage live。40 feet outside, 10 guests inside。Jiang Baishi here is said to be two Jin dynasty hollow fir, located in front of the upper palace of Taochuan, one of the Taoyuan Mountain monuments。According to historical records, a square table can be placed in the belly of the tree, and dozens of people sit around the game。Jiang Baishi see, "hollow savage live", "can be ten guests together", evidence of history is not empty。These two ancient Chinese trees died in the Ming Zhengde (1506-1521) years, the existing two trees germination in the Ming Dynasty Wanli (1573-1620) on the original Chinese trees。One of them, in the Qing Dynasty Xianfeng (1851-1861), was blown by strong winds, the bald body was upright, if the lower part was cut out, the vacancy faced west, people could enter。Another new fir growing from the belly, dry and empty leaves, is already a big tree。 "When I visited Quxian Pavilion, I left my steps on the altar。But under the eight stack ban, a pavilion of wonderful tools。From Jiang Baishi's description, we know that there was a "Qu Xian Pavilion" on Taoyuan Mountain at that time, and he also sent incense on the altar。The museum is now gone。According to historical records, Qu Tong left eight toe prints on the cliff beside the Taoyuan View when he "flew up by day"。At present, several hundred steps above the hollow fir, there is a natural stone rock, the top of which is a platform, and it is preached as the place of Taoist priest Qu Baiting's alchemy。Tang Dynasty in the nearby built "temple", "Qu Xian Pavilion" should be built here。Du Mu, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, set up a stone tablet of "I went to the place where Qu Tong rose", which is still preserved in the stele gallery in the Peach Blossom Mountain view area。Down the eight stacks of mountain slope, Jiang Baishi saw a "many wonderful tools" pavilion。This "Eight Stack Ban" may be the current "immortal path", passed down as Qu Baiting mountaineering immortal road。In the past, there was a fairy path Pavilion, Ming Xu Shoucheng had written a "fairy path Pavilion" poem: "Youting Ququ Yun Qu, through the ages half green Wu。Only peach blossom thousands of trees, behavior mistake is Xuan。The pavilion is said to be a place for immortals to rest。
Second, let us understand the legend of Peach flower source which has been popular since the Southern Song Dynasty。 Jiang Baishi's poem "Once Upon a Time to Visit Taoyuan Mountain" involves four legends, such as Baima Ferry, Baima Cave, Qu Baiting, and cave fishing Lang。 The origin of the name of Baima Du, according to the old records of Taoyuan: "Liang Song, Nanping County, Guangxi Xunzhou, the champion of the later Tang Dynasty, Wuling Taishou.。A county tax reduction。Mother sick, back to foster, county people chase, and cross, stay by white horse, because of the name of the cross, Chi thought also。"The white horse is also the sky, and people have adventures in the past.。The cave door is not visible, but the sound of the water is angry。These poetic sentences from the Southern Song Dynasty Hong Mai "Yi Jian Zhi" in a paragraph of record: "Dingzhou Luluo City fisherman Zhang Weng, because of the hometown to buy a boat, but also to white horse ferry, smoke waves obscure, the boat disappeared.。Many people on both sides of the strait, exclaiming cloud: 'Zhang Weng fell into the water and died!'And reported his home, the son ran to see, thought drowned。Tomorrow, the ghost。After forty-nine, he ordered the monk to set up a Taoist dojo。Weng Hu from the outside return, countenance as usual, happy and complacent。His wife asked and replied: "The first check arrived at the ferry, suddenly became confused, I do not know where, only vaguely saw two fishing boats moving forward, followed by.。One of them said to me...Do not wish to return？He said, "Just as I wish.。"For the oracle says, 'Go from here until you come to the white waves and hear the sound of the water, close your eyes, and do not look back, and then you will reach home.''As he said, so be it。Beginning to know strayed into the white horse cave also。Know Taoyuan Taoist Zhu Dong true said。"Blessed land Dongtian was originally a Taoist language, referring to the famous mountain resort where Shinto lives, after more metaphorical scenic places。Tang Du Guangting "Dongtian Fu Di Ji" the Shenzhou scenic list of ten Dongtian, 36 small Dongtian, 72 happy name, the thirty-six small Dongtian 35th cave for Taoyuan cave, named: white horse Xuanguang day, in Xuanzhou Wuling County。Baima Cave is short for "Baima Xuanguang Dongtian"。In the Qing Dynasty, Gu Zuyu's book "Reading the History of Fang Yu" volume 80 [Changde Fu-Taoyuan County] cloud: "Taoyuan County mountains are twenty miles south of the county...Southwest Taoyuan cave, a Qin cave, the white horse cave also。The Tao book is the 35th hole in heaven。Therefore, Jiang Baishi said: "The white horse is also the sky."。 Jiang Baishi visit Taoyuan Mountain, obviously has a purpose: to visit the trace of Qu Xian。The poem mentioned in the Zhanyu people's house, You Quxian Pavilion, lower Badaiban, Guan Xian Jing Pavilion is a clear evidence。The story of Qu Baiting's ascension to immortality had a great impact at that time, and even when the emperor was in charge of the imperial history, Fu Zai of the weak year, that is, the admiration of Taoism, went to Taoyuan Temple many times to listen to the Taoists introduce the situation of Qu Tong's ascension to immortality, and on August 20 of the first year of Zhenyuan (785), the book "Qu Tong's Story of the Yellow Immortal Teacher" was published.。In the second year of Tang Changqing (822), Wen Zao, a scholar of the Ministry of Rites, was demoted as a historian of Langzhou and visited Chen Tongwei, a Taoist priest in the three caves of the Upper Qing Dynasty.。 The above two articles record the general idea of the legend is: Qu Baiting, Chenzhou Chenxi people, Hua Mei wide forehead, long prospective show eyes, diligent but silent。Tang Dynasty Zong Dali four years (769), Baiting fourteen years old, his mother to avoid the war to take Wuling, living in Chongyi Township, Taoyuan Taoist temple Huangshan treasure side house。Introduced by Huangshan treasure teacher on the Qing three holes master Huang Dongyuan。Huangdong source also give Baiting mother clothes and food。Only two years old, Baiting bereaved mother, after burial, Baiting multiple work Huangdong source unremitting, such as Linjun father。Once with Huang Dongyuan went to Xiangyang City to buy medicine, words and deeds, Huang Dongyuan "great fear said, dare not to often servant"。 In February, the seventh year of the calendar (772), Baiting went to the mountain to plant fruit medicine, out of the view of a mile and a half, and found a fairy cave in the fairy forest, with stone rooms, stone beds, and stone several。Ten days later, and in the art garden to get a piece, if the shape of a small turtle, smooth as jade, Bai Ting said that Qin chess pieces, offered the yellow cave source。 On May 27, the eighth year of the calendar (773), when the sun was about to come out in the morning, the Yellow Cave source ordered the boat on the bank of the Baiting River, which was less than two miles, and Baiting returned to noon。Huang Dongyuan asked him, why come back so late？He said: "Look at the southwest 15 steps there may be a small bridge, on the bridge met an old man bearing a rod hanging things, call to follow, Bai Ting dare not disobey, so late.。"Dali eight years (773) on the morning of May 30, Bai Ting whole clothes, bow down to Huang Dong source and resign, since the spirit period approaching。Huang Dongyuan asked, "You leave me to go？The answer: "GUI Xian Cave.。Fellow Taoist priest Zhu Ling said, "The boy's color is unusually bright today.。"There are big chestnut trees in the court, Cypress Court then back line, ran from the tree did not disappear, sound long ran, like the wind floating thunder。Both Huang Dongyuan and the Taoist disciples were shocked。Set the view of people, all over the sollin mang, to the northeast forest, meet a big snake when the road stops。 "In the past, I heard fishing boats and saw cave households in the water。It is the legend of Wuling fisherman Huang Daozhen visiting the peach blossom source。Xiao Liang in the southern dynasty Wuling Han Shou Wu An poor "Wuling record" cloud: "Jin Taikang, Wuling fisherman Huang Daozhen, boating from the Yuan stream and into the peach blossom source, Tao really out, white Taishou Liu Xin, with all gone, has been lost。”
Third, let us know the geography and environment of Taoyuan Mountain in the Southern Song Dynasty。 The poem "Once You Taoyuan Mountain" involves some place names and geographical locations, and the author writes in geographical order。"The first White Horse Ferry" means that he first reached the White Horse Ferry on the north bank of the Yuanjiang River。In ancient times, there were no trains and cars, water transport was the main transportation, which was more convenient than road transport, and tourists from Wuling City to Taohuayuan came by boat along the waterway。The other side of the white horse Ferry is Taoyuan Mountain, so if Jiang Baishi wants to go to Taoyuan Mountain, he needs to "take a square boat to cross".。 Standing on the top of Taoyuan Mountain, Jiang Baishi looked around at the geographical location。"Mountain pepper looking at five streams, pot head pointing"。Five streams refer to the Xiongxi, Wuxi, Youxi, Wuxi and Chen Xi in the upper reaches of Yuanshui River。Hutou, refers to the Hutou Mountain, in the territory of Yuanling County today, is the Eastern Han Fubo general Ma Yuan's march against the Wuxi Man garrison。Hutou Mountain is in the upper reaches of the Yuanjiang River, and Taoyuan Mountain is in the lower reaches of the Yuanjiang River. The two mountains are about tens of kilometers apart, so far apart that they are invisible to the naked eye。The so-called "pot man points", probably just indicates the direction。 The location of Momogawa Palace is mentioned twice in the poem: "The Forbidden City is in the north, and the roof tiles are with pine fog.。"The Taoyuan is nowhere to be seen, secluded on Gongnan Road."。Momogawa Palace is in the north of the Taoyuan Mountain, and the Taohuayuan Palace is in the south of the Momogawa Palace。That's consistent with where they are now。From the words in the poem, Jiang Baishi did not visit the peach blossom Mountain scenic spot, that is, Qin Ren Cave and other places。And because he only saw "a trickle from the stone sinus", that is, a little mountain spring flowing from the crack in the stone, he did not see the water in the peach forest, so "I hesitated."。Why are you hesitating?？The following reads: "In the past, I heard a fishing boat and saw a cave in the water。Today see the stream far, from the posterity mistake。"That means, where is the stream?The legend of the so-called fishing boat along the stream and arriving at the Qin Cave must be a mistake made by later generations。 From the current topography, there is a stream in the west of Taoyuan Mountain through the peach blossom Mountain scenic spot, the creek name small peach blossom Creek。It originated under the south gate of the Shuifu Pavilion, and injected Yuan water from the north gate of the Shuifu Pavilion, turning a big bend of 270 degrees。It is not known whether this stream existed when Jiangbaishi visited in the Southern Song Dynasty。But I think it takes hundreds of thousands of years for nature to change。Since the Southern Song Dynasty was only over 800 years ago, the natural appearance of Taoyuan Mountain should not have changed much。So, why did Jiang Baishi not see the small peach blossom stream？I speculated from the poem, probably Jiang Baishi took the wrong road, did not enter the small peach blossom River。He went down the Badiao slope and saw the Xianjing Pavilion. In front of the two mountains, the old wood branches intersected, and he may have entered another ravine。According to Yin Wei, a native of Taoyuan in the Ming Dynasty, "Rebuilding Taoyuan Longevity Palace Record", "the east is the Xianjing Pavilion, and the south is the official road a few steps."。Xianjing Pavilion is in the east of Taoyuan Mountain, and small peach Blossom Creek is in the west of Taoyuan Mountain。There is an official road to the south, but the records of Jiang Baishi and Yin Wei are consistent。 In addition, Jiang Baishi also described many natural scenes in his poems。The animals are a swan and an ape (the monkey);Plants are tall trees, thousands of trees, shade, pine, old wood;The landform has ferry, river, mountain, stack slope, Chengtan, stone sinus, spring, mountain gully, mountain path and so on。 In short, Jiang Baishi's "Once Upon a Time to Visit Taoyuan Mountain" let us see a beautiful scenery eight hundred years ago, rich scenery, long history, profound culture of Taoyuan Mountain。
The author is Xiao Dehua, retired cadre, Address: Zhijin Garden, Langzhou North Road, Wuling District, Changde City, Hunan Province
